Born on August 25

Alexis: Alexis, Russian in full ALEKSEY , or ALEKSEI, NIKOLAYEVICH (b. Aug. 12 [Aug. 25, New Style], 1904, Peterhof, near St. Petersburg, Russia--d. July 16/17, 1918, Yekaterinburg), only son of Nicholas II, the last tsar of Russia, and the tsarina Alexandra. He was the first male heir born to a reigning tsar since the 17th century.
.Louis: .Louis (b. Aug. 25, 1707, Madrid--d. Aug. 31, 1724, Madrid), king of Spain in 1724, son of Philip V.
Tainter, Charles Sumner: Tainter, Charles Sumner (b. Aug. 25, 1854, Watertown Mass., U.S.--d. April 20, 1940, San Diego, Calif.), American inventor who, with Chichester A. Bell (a cousin of Alexander Graham Bell), greatly improved the phonograph by devising a wax-coated cardboard cylinder and a flexible recording stylus, both superior to the tinfoil surface and rigid stylus then used by Thomas A. Edison. They patented these improvements in 1886 while working with the elder Bell at the Volta Laboratory, Washington, D.C. Subsequently, Tainter invented the dictaphone and was also noted for his experiments with the photophone (a device for transmitting sounds by modulated light waves). He was sometimes called "the father of talking pictures."
Lang, John Dunmore: Lang, John Dunmore (b. Aug. 25, 1799, Greenock, Scot.--d. Aug. 8, 1878, Sydney), Australian churchman and writer, founder of the Australian Presbyterian Church, and an influence in shaping colonization of that continent.
Rathke, Martin H(einrich): Rathke, Martin H(einrich) (b. Aug. 25, 1793, Danzig, Prussia [now Gdansk, Pol.]--d. Sept. 3, 1860, Königsberg [now Kaliningrad, Russia]), German anatomist who first described the gill slits and gill arches in the embryos of mammals and birds. He also first described in 1839 the embryonic structure, now known as Rathke's pouch, from which the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland develops.
Nye, Bill: Nye, Bill, pseudonym of EDGAR WILSON NYE (b. Aug. 25, 1850, Shirley, Maine, U.S.--d. Feb. 22, 1896, Arden, N.C.), journalist and one of the major American humorists in the last half of the 19th century.
Hertz, Henrik: Hertz, Henrik, original name HEYMAN HERTZ (b. Aug. 25/27, 1797/8, Copenhagen--d. Feb. 25, 1870, Copenhagen), dramatist and poet, among the most popular Danish dramatists.
Moore, Brian: Moore, Brian (b. Aug. 25, 1921, Belfast, N. Ire.), Irish novelist who immigrated to Canada and is best known for his first novel, The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne (1955).
Barthou, (Jean-) Louis: Barthou, (Jean-) Louis (b. Aug. 25, 1862, Oloron-Sainte-Marie, Fr.--d. Oct. 9, 1934, Marseille), French premier (1913), conservative statesman, and long-time colleague of Raymond Poincaré. He was assassinated with King Alexander of Yugoslavia during the latter's visit to France in 1934.
Neuhof, Theodor, Baron: Neuhof, Theodor, Baron, Neuhof also spelled NEUHOFF (b. Aug. 24/25, 1694, Cologne--d. Dec. 11, 1756, London), German adventurer. An indefatigable intriguer in military, political, and financial affairs throughout Europe, he was for a time (1736-43) the nominal king of Corsica under the style of Theodore I.
Maris, Jacob: Maris, Jacob, in full JACOBUS HENDRICUS MARIS (b. Aug. 25, 1837, The Hague , Neth.--d. Aug. 7, 1899, Karlsbad, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary [now Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic]), Dutch landscape painter who, with his brothers Matthijs and Willem, formed what has come to be known as the Hague school of painters, influenced by both the 17th-century Dutch masters and the Barbizon school.
Uvarov, Sergey Semyonovich, Count: Uvarov, Sergey Semyonovich, Count (Graf) (b. Aug. 25 [Sept. 5, New Style], 1786, Moscow, Russia--d. Sept. 4 [Sept. 16], 1855, Moscow), Russian statesman and administrator, an influential minister of education during the reign of Tsar Nicholas I.
Auriol, Vincent: Auriol, Vincent (b. Aug. 25, 1884, Revel, Fr.--d. Jan. 1, 1966, Paris), first president of the Fourth French Republic, who presided over crisis-ridden coalition governments between 1947 and 1954.
Moltke, Adam Wilhelm, Lensgreve: Moltke, Adam Wilhelm, Lensgreve (Count) (b. Aug. 25, 1785, Einsidelsborg, Fünen, Den.--d. Feb. 15, 1864, Copenhagen), statesman and prime minister of the first government responsible to Parliament in Denmark. The grandson of Adam Gottlob Moltke, favourite of the Danish king Frederick V, Moltke entered public life in 1809 as the assessor of the Supreme Court. After holding other government offices, he became minister of finance in 1831 under Frederick VI and president of the rentekammeret (exchequer) in 1845 under Christian VIII. When the new king, Frederick VII, renounced absolute rule in March 1848, a representative government was formed with Moltke as prime minister; under his ministry the constitution of June 5, 1849, was introduced. The fact that a distinguished statesman who had served the last two absolute kings of Denmark voluntarily accepted the prime ministership gave the new government prestige.
Fairbairn, Stephen: Fairbairn, Stephen (b. Aug. 25, 1862, Melbourne--d. May 16, 1938, London), British oarsman, coach, and writer who enjoyed great success at Cambridge University.
La Revelliere-Lepeaux, Louis-Marie de: La Révellière-Lépeaux, Louis-Marie de (b. Aug. 25, 1753, Montaigu, Fr.--d. March 27, 1824, Paris), member of the French Revolutionary regime known as the Directory.
Abell, Kjeld: Abell, Kjeld (b. Aug. 25, 1901, Ribe, Den.--d. March 5, 1961, Copenhagen), dramatist and social critic, best known outside Denmark for two plays, Melodien der blev væk (1935; English adaptation, The Melody That Got Lost, 1939) and Anna Sophie Hedvig (1939; Eng. trans., 1944), which defends the use of force by the oppressed against the oppressor.
Eden, Nils: Edén, Nils (b. Aug. 25, 1871, Piteå, Swed.--d. June 16, 1945, Stockholm), historian and politician who led what is generally regarded as the first parliamentary government in Swedish history.
Kocher, Emil Theodor: Kocher, Emil Theodor (b. Aug. 25, 1841, Bern--d. July 27, 1917, Bern), innovative Swiss surgeon who won the 1909 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on the thyroid gland.
Bahrdt, Carl Friedrich: Bahrdt, Carl Friedrich (b. Aug. 25, 1741, Bischofswerda, near Dresden, Saxony [Germany]--d. April 23, 1792, Nietleben, Halle [Saxony-Anhalt]), German Enlightenment writer, radical theologian, philosopher, and adventurer, best-known for his book Neuesten Offenbarungen Gottes in Briefen und Erzählungen (1773-74; "Latest Revelations of God in Letters and Stories").
Wade, Sir Thomas Francis: Wade, Sir Thomas Francis (b. Aug. 25, 1818, London--d. July 31, 1895, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Eng.), British diplomatist and Sinologist who developed the famous Wade-Giles system of romanizing the Chinese language.
Gibson, Althea: Gibson, Althea (b. Aug. 25, 1927, Silver, S.C., U.S.), American tennis player who dominated women's competition in the late 1950s. She was the first black to win the Wimbledon and U.S. singles championships.
Hinsley, Arthur: Hinsley, Arthur (b. Aug. 25, 1865, Carlton, Yorkshire, Eng.--d. March 17, 1943, Buntingford, Herefordshire), English Roman Catholic cardinal and fifth archbishop of Westminster who was an outspoken opponent of the fascist powers during World War II.
Kelly, Walt: Kelly, Walt, byname of WALTER CRAWFORD KELLY (b. Aug. 25, 1913, Philadelphia--d. Oct. 18, 1973, Los Angeles), American creator of the comic strip "Pogo," which was noted for its sophisticated humour, gentle whimsy, and occasional pointed political satire.
Akselrod, Pavel Borisovich: Akselrod, Pavel Borisovich, also called PAUL AXELROD (b. Aug. 25, 1850?, Chernigov, Ukraine?--d. 1928, Berlin, Germany), Marxist theorist, a prominent member of the first Russian Social Democratic Party, and subsequently a Menshevik leader.
O'Kelly, Sean T(homas): O'Kelly, Sean T(homas), Irish SEAN THO MAS O CEALLAIGH (b. Aug. 25, 1882, Dublin, Ire.--d. Nov. 23, 1966, Dublin), one of the early leaders of the Irish nationalist Sinn Féin ("We Ourselves") Party. He served two terms as president of Ireland, from June 1945 to June 1959.
Tchicaya U Tam'si: Tchicaya U Tam'si, pseudonym of GERALD FELIX TCHICAYA (b. Aug. 25, 1931, Mpili, near Brazzaville, French Equatorial Africa [now in Congo]--d. April 21 or 22, 1988, Bazancourt, Oise, Fr.), Congolese French-language writer and poet whose work explores the relationships between victor and victim.
Oduber Quiros, Daniel: Oduber Quirós, Daniel (b. Aug. 25, 1921, San José, Costa Rica--d. Oct. 13, 1991, San José), president of Costa Rica (1974-78), member of the founding junta of its Second Republic (1948), and a founder of the National Liberation Party (PLN).
Caxias, Luiz Alves de Lima e Silva, duque de: Caxias, Luiz Alves de Lima e Silva, duque de (duke of) (b. Aug. 25, 1803, Rio de Janeiro--d. May 7, 1880, Rio de Janeiro), military hero and statesman who gave the military a prominent position in the government of the Brazilian empire.
Bunsen, Christian Karl Josias, Freiherr von: Bunsen, Christian Karl Josias, Freiherr von (baron of) (b. Aug. 25, 1791, Korbach, Waldeck [Germany]--d. Nov. 28, 1860, Bonn, Prussia), liberal Prussian diplomat, scholar, and theologian who supported the German constitutional movement and was prominent in the ecclesiastical politics of his time.
Mack von Leiberich, Karl, Freiherr: Mack von Leiberich, Karl, Freiherr (Baron) (b. Aug. 25, 1752, Nenslingen, Bavaria--d. Oct. 22, 1828, Sankt Pölten, Austria), Austrian soldier, commander of the defeated forces at the Napoleonic battles of Ulm and Austerlitz.
Auckland, George Eden, Earl of, 2ND BARON AUCKLAND, 2ND BARON AUCKLAND OF AUCKLAND, BARON ED: Auckland, George Eden, Earl of, 2ND BARON A UCKLAND, 2 ND BARON AUCKLAND OF A UCKLAND, B ARON EDEN OF NORWOOD (b. Aug. 25, 1784, Eden Farm, near Beckenham, Kent, Eng.--d. Jan. 1, 1849, The Grange, near Alresford, Hampshire), governor-general of India from 1836 to 1842, when he was recalled after his participation in British setbacks in Afghanistan.
Robbins, Frederick Chapman: Robbins, Frederick Chapman (b. Aug. 25, 1916, Auburn, Ala., U.S.), American pediatrician and virologist, who received (with John Enders and Thomas Weller) the 1954 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for successfully cultivating poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures. This accomplishment made possible the production of polio vaccines, the development of sophisticated diagnostic methods, and the isolation of new viruses.
Procter, William Cooper: Procter, William Cooper (b. Aug. 25, 1862, Glendale, near Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.--d. May 2, 1934, Cincinnati), American manufacturer who established the nation's first profit-sharing plan for employees.
Requesens y Zuniga, Luis de: Requesens y Zúñiga, Luis de, Requesens also spelled REQUESSENS (b. Aug. 25, 1528, Barcelona, Spain--d. March 5, 1576, Brussels, Spanish Netherlands [now in Belgium]), Spanish governor of the Netherlands during one phase (1573-76) of the Dutch revolt called the Eighty Years' War. Succeeding the tyrannical Duke de Alba, he tried unsuccessfully to compromise with the rebellious provinces.
Pinkerton, Allan: Pinkerton, Allan (b. Aug. 25, 1819, Glasgow--d. July 1, 1884, Chicago), detective and founder of a famous American private detective agency.
Caffieri FAMILY: Caffiéri FAMILY, family of French sculptors and metalworkers known for their vigorous and original works in the Rococo style.
.Louis I: .Louis I (b. Aug. 25, 1786, Strasbourg, Fr.--d. Feb. 29, 1868, Nice), king of Bavaria from 1825 to 1848, a liberal and a German nationalist who rapidly turned conservative after his accession, best known as an outstanding patron of the arts who transformed Munich into the artistic centre of Germany.
Krebs, Sir Hans Adolf: Krebs, Sir Hans Adolf (b. Aug. 25, 1900, Hildesheim, Ger.--d. Nov. 22, 1981, Oxford, Eng.), German-born British biochemist who received (with Fritz Lipmann) the 1953 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the discovery in living organisms of the series of chemical reactions known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (also called the citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle). These reactions involve the conversion--in the presence of oxygen--of substances that are formed by the breakdown of sugars, fats, and protein components to carbon dioxide, water, and energy-rich compounds. The discovery of the citric acid cycle, which is central to nearly all metabolic reactions and the source of two-thirds of the food-derived energy in higher organisms, was of vital importance to a basic understanding of cell metabolism and molecular biology.
Honecker, Erich: Honecker, Erich (b. Aug. 25, 1912, Neunkirchen, Ger.), communist official who, as first secretary of East Germany's Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, or SED), was East Germany's leader from 1971 until he fell from power in 1989 in the wake of the democratic reforms sweeping eastern Europe.
Wallace, George C(orley): Wallace, George C(orley) (b. Aug. 25, 1919, Clio, Ala., U.S.), U.S. Democratic Party politician and four-time governor of Alabama who led the South's fight against federally ordered racial integration in the 1960s. Wallace was also a vigorous but unsuccessful third-party candidate for the U.S. presidency in 1968; he withdrew from the 1972 race after being wounded in an assassination attempt in May. In the 1980s he retreated from his former segregationist ideas.
Harte, Bret: Harte, Bret, original name FRANCIS BRETT HARTE (b. Aug. 25, 1836, Albany, N.Y., U.S.--d. May 5, 1902, London, Eng.), American writer who helped create the local-colour school in American fiction.
Bernstein, Leonard: Bernstein, Leonard (b. Aug. 25, 1918, Lawrence, Mass., U.S.--d. Oct. 14, 1990, New York, N.Y.), American conductor and composer noted for his accomplishments in both classical and popular music, for his flamboyant conducting style, and for his pedagogic flair, especially in concerts for young people.
.Louis II: .Louis II, byname MAD KING LUDWIG, German DER VERRUCKTE KONIG LUDWIG (b. Aug. 25, 1845, Nymphenburg Palace, Munich--d. June 13, 1886, Starnberger See, Bavaria), eccentric king of Bavaria from 1864 to 1886 and an admirer and patron of the composer Richard Wagner. He brought his territories into the newly founded German Empire (1871) but concerned himself only intermittently with affairs of state, preferring a life of increasingly morbid seclusion and developing a mania for extravagant building projects.
Saint-Just, Louis(-Antoine-Leon) de: Saint-Just, Louis(-Antoine-Léon) de (b. Aug. 25, 1767, Decize, Fr.--d. July 28, 1794, Paris), controversial ideologue of the French Revolution, one of the most zealous advocates of the Reign of Terror (1793-94), who was arrested and guillotined in the Thermidorian Reaction.
.Ivan IV: .Ivan IV, Russian in full IVAN VASILYEVICH, byname IVAN THE TERRIBLE, Russian IVAN GROZNY (b. Aug. 25, 1530, Kolomenskoye, near Moscow [Russia]--d. March 18, 1584, Moscow), grand prince of Moscow (1533-84) and the first to be proclaimed tsar of Russia (from 1547). His reign saw the completion of the construction of a centrally administered Russian state and the creation of an empire that included non-Slav states. Ivan engaged in prolonged and largely unsuccessful wars against Sweden and Poland, and, in seeking to impose military discipline and a centralized administration, he instituted a reign of terror against the hereditary nobility.
Herder, Johann Gottfried von: Herder, Johann Gottfried von (b. Aug. 25, 1744, Mohrungen, East Prussia [now Morag, Pol.]--d. Dec. 18, 1803, Weimar, Saxe-Weimar [Germany]), German critic, theologian, and philosopher, who was the leading figure of the Sturm und Drang literary movement and an innovator in the philosophy of history and culture. His influence, augmented by his contacts with the young J.W. von Goethe, made him a harbinger of the Romantic movement. He was ennobled (with the addition of von) in 1802.
.Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of, EARL OF SURREY, EARL MARSHAL: .Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of, E ARL OF S URREY, EARL MARSHAL (b. 1473--d. Aug. 25, 1554, Kenninghall, Norfolk, Eng.), powerful English noble who held a variety of high offices under King Henry VIII. Although he was valuable to the King as a military commander, he failed in his aspiration to become the chief minister of the realm.
Thyssen FAMILY: Thyssen FAMILY, one of the world's wealthiest families, its fortune based on a vast iron and steel empire established in the late 19th century.

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